中国美术馆艺术讲堂 永恒的温度——重读路德...

About code search query structure

The search syntax in this article only applies to searching code with GitHub code search. Note that the syntax and qualifiers for searching for non-code content, such as issues, users, and discussions, is not the same as the syntax for code search. For more information on non-code search, see About searching on GitHub and Searching on GitHub.

Search queries consist of search terms, comprising text you want to search for, and qualifiers, which narrow down the search.

A bare term with no qualifiers will match either the content of a file or the file's path.

For example, the following query:

http-push

The above query will match the file docs/http-push.txt, even if it doesn't contain the term http-push. It will also match a file called example.txt if it contains the term http-push.

You can enter multiple terms separated by whitespace to search for documents that satisfy both terms.

For example, the following query:

sparse index

The search results would include all documents containing both the terms sparse and index, in any order. As examples, it would match a file containing SparseIndexVector, a file with the phrase index for sparse trees, and even a file named index.txt that contains the term sparse.

Searching for multiple terms separated by whitespace is the equivalent to the search hello AND world. Other boolean operations, such as hello OR world, are also supported. For more information about boolean operations, see Using boolean operations.

Code search also supports searching for an exact string, including whitespace. For more information, see Query for an exact match.

You can narrow your code search with specialized qualifiers, such as repo:, language: and path:. For more information on the qualifiers you can use in code search, see Using qualifiers.

You can also use regular expressions in your searches by surrounding the expression in slashes. For more information on using regular expressions, see Using regular expressions.

Query for an exact match

To search for an exact string, including whitespace, you can surround the string in quotes. For example:

"sparse index"

You can also use quoted strings in qualifiers, for example:

path:git language:"protocol buffers"

Searching for quotes and backslashes

To search for code containing a quotation mark, you can escape the quotation mark using a backslash. For example, to find the exact string name = "tensorflow", you can search:

"name = \"tensorflow\""

To search for code containing a backslash, \, use a double backslash, \\.

The two escape sequences \\ and \" can be used outside of quotes as well. No other escape sequences are recognized, though. A backslash that isn't followed by either " or \ is included in the search, unchanged.

Additional escape sequences, such as \n to match a newline character, are supported in regular expressions. See Using regular expressions.

Using boolean operations

Code search supports boolean expressions. You can use the operators AND, OR, and NOT to combine search terms.

By default, adjacent terms separated by whitespace are equivalent to using the AND operator. For example, the search query sparse index is the same as sparse AND index, meaning that the search results will include all documents containing both the terms sparse and index, in any order.

To search for documents containing either one term or the other, you can use the OR operator. For example, the following query will match documents containing either sparse or index:

sparse OR index

To exclude files from your search results, you can use the NOT operator. For example, to exclude files in the __testing__ directory, you can search:

"fatal error" NOT path:__testing__

You can use parentheses to express more complicated boolean expressions. For example:

(language:ruby OR language:python) AND NOT path:"/tests/"

Using qualifiers

You can use specialized keywords to qualify your search.

• Repository qualifier
• Organization and user qualifiers
• Language qualifier
• Path qualifier
• Symbol qualifier
• Content qualifier
• Is qualifier

Repository qualifier

To search within a repository, use the repo: qualifier. You must provide the full repository name, including the owner. For example:

repo:github-linguist/linguist

To search within a set of repositories, you can combine multiple repo: qualifiers with the boolean operator OR. For example:

repo:github-linguist/linguist OR repo:tree-sitter/tree-sitter

Organization and user qualifiers

To search for files within an organization, use the org: qualifier. For example:

org:github

To search for files within a personal account, use the user: qualifier. For example:

user:octocat

Language qualifier

To narrow down to a specific languages, use the language: qualifier. For example:

language:ruby OR language:cpp OR language:csharp

For a complete list of supported language names, see languages.yaml in github-linguist/linguist. If your preferred language is not on the list, you can open a pull request to add it.

Path qualifier

To search within file paths, use the path: qualifier. This will match files containing the term anywhere in their file path. For example, to find files containing the term unit_tests in their path, use:

path:unit_tests

The above query will match both src/unit_tests/my_test.py and src/docs/unit_tests.md since they both contain unit_test somewhere in their path.

To match only a specific filename (and not part of the path), you could use a regular expression:

path:/(^|\/)README\.md$/

Note that the . in the filename is escaped, since . has special meaning for regular expressions. For more information about using regular expressions, see Using regular expressions.

You can also use some limited glob expressions in the path: qualifier.

For example, to search for files with the extension txt, you can use:

path:*.txt

To search for JavaScript files within a `src` directory, you could use:

path:src/*.js

• By default, glob expressions are not anchored to the start of the path, so the above expression would still match a path like app/src/main.js. But if you prefix the expression with /, it will anchor to the start. For example:

  path:/src/*.js
  

• Note that * doesn't match the / character, so for the above example, all results will be direct descendants of the src directory. To match within subdirectories, so that results include deeply nested files such as /src/app/testing/utils/example.js, you can use **. For example:

  path:/src/**/*.js
  

You can also use the ? global character. For example, to match the path file.aac or file.abc, you can use:

path:*.a?c

To search for a filename which contains a special character like `*` or `?`, just use a quoted string:

path:"file?"

Glob expressions are disabled for quoted strings, so the above query will only match paths containing the literal string file?.

Symbol qualifier

You can search for symbol definitions in code, such as function or class definitions, using the symbol: qualifier. Symbol search is based on parsing your code using the open source Tree-sitter parser ecosystem, so no extra setup or build tool integration is required.

For example, to search for a symbol called WithContext:

language:go symbol:WithContext

In some languages, you can search for symbols using a prefix (e.g. a prefix of their class name). For example, for a method deleteRows on a struct Maint, you could search symbol:Maint.deleteRows if you are using Go, or symbol:Maint::deleteRows in Rust.

You can also use regular expressions with the symbol qualifier. For example, the following query would find conversions people have implemented in Rust for the String type:

language:rust symbol:/^String::to_.*/

Note that this qualifier only searches for definitions and not references, and not all symbol types or languages are fully supported yet. Symbol extraction is supported for the following languages:

• Bash
• C
• C#
• C++
• CodeQL
• Elixir
• Go
• JSX
• Java
• JavaScript
• Lua
• PHP
• Protocol Buffers
• Python
• R
• Ruby
• Rust
• Scala
• Starlark
• Swift
• Typescript

We are working on adding support for more languages. If you would like to help contribute to this effort, you can add support for your language in the open source Tree-sitter parser ecosystem, upon which symbol search is based.

Content qualifier

By default, bare terms search both paths and file content. To restrict a search to strictly match the content of a file and not file paths, use the content: qualifier. For example:

content:README.md

This query would only match files containing the term README.md, rather than matching files named README.md.

Is qualifier

To filter based on repository properties, you can use the is: qualifier. is: supports the following values:

• archived: restricts the search to archived repositories.
• fork: restricts the search to forked repositories.
• vendored: restricts the search to content detected as vendored.
• generated: restricts the search to content detected as generated.

For example:

path:/^MIT.txt$/ is:archived

Note that the is: qualifier can be inverted with the NOT operator. To search for non-archived repositories, you can search:

log4j NOT is:archived

To exclude forks from your results, you can search:

log4j NOT is:fork

Using regular expressions

Code search supports regular expressions to search for patterns in your code. You can use regular expressions in bare search terms as well as within many qualifiers, by surrounding the regex in slashes.

For example, to search for the regular expression sparse.*index, you would use:

/sparse.*index/

Note that you'll have to escape any forward slashes within the regular expression. For example, to search for files within the App/src directory, you would use:

/^App\/src\//

Inside a regular expression, \n stands for a newline character, \t stands for a tab, and \x{hhhh} can be used to escape any Unicode character. This means you can use regular expressions to search for exact strings that contain characters that you can't type into the search bar.

Most common regular expressions features work in code search. However, "look-around" assertions are not supported.

Separating search terms

All parts of a search, such as search terms, exact strings, regular expressions, qualifiers, parentheses, and the boolean keywords AND, OR, and NOT, must be separated from one another with spaces. The one exception is that items inside parentheses, ( ), don't need to be separated from the parentheses.

If your search contains multiple components that aren't separated by spaces, or other text that does not follow the rules listed above, code search will try to guess what you mean. It often falls back on treating that component of your query as the exact text to search for. For example, the following query:

printf("hello world\n");

Code search will give up on interpreting the parentheses and quotes as special characters and will instead search for files containing that exact code.

If code search guesses wrong, you can always get the search you wanted by using quotes and spaces to make the meaning clear.

Case sensitivity

By default, code search is case-insensitive, and results will include both uppercase and lowercase results. You can do case-sensitive searches by using a regular expression with case insensitivity turned off. For example, to search for the string "True", you would use:

/(?-i)True/